It has the same use in English, like bunker buster, bronco buster, dustbuster, Myth Busters, etc. バスター is derived from Buster, which means " one that destroys, eliminates". In the specific sword sense, the bastard portion was originally in reference to the way the blade length was roughly in between the single-handed shorter swords in common use and the double-handed greatswords of the time. PS: As notes in the comment, the specific phrasing バスターソード is most likely from bastard sword as a borrowing in toto (as a whole term), rather than an application of バスター from baseball. If this is the same バスター that was used for these other weapons in manga and anime, it might have originally arisen as a play on the perceived littleness of the weapon or character, in contrast to the sizable wallop of the actual shot or strike: presenting as a small thing (like a bunt), but actually hitting harder than that (as an actual full baseball swing would do). See also the Japanese Wikipedia article on バスター. Poking around in Kotobank's page for バスター, we see that this is probably the same word that arose from baseball, as a corruption or shift from the original English phrase bastard bunt, in reference to a play where the batter stands as if to bunt the ball, and then once the pitch is thrown, they shift to a regular batting stance in an effort to hit the ball with real force (as mentioned, for example, in this thread about Little League). I suspect that バスター might be one such word. There's a number of words in Japanese that come from English, but not via the route expected.
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